Kamdhenu Dairy Farmers Welfare Association-We educate the kamdhenu dairies farmers

Overview

Dairy industry or milk industry is a category of agriculture. It is a very popular enterprise related to animal husbandry, under which milk production, its processing and retail sales are done. For this, work is also done for the development of cows, buffaloes, goats or some other types of livestock. Dairy farming includes breeding and care of milking cattle, procurement of milk and its processing into various dairy products. India lives in villages. More than 72 percent of our population is rural and 60 percent of the people are engaged in agriculture. In about 7 crore farming households, one out of every two rural households is associated with the dairy industry. According to the important statistical data related to Indian milk production, 70 percent of the milk supply in the country comes from small/marginal/landless farmers. Cows are more equitably distributed than agricultural land in India. Dairy-industry has a major role in strengthening the rural economy of India. It has been recognized as an important component of socio-economic transformation in the country. There is an interdependent relationship between agriculture and dairy farming. Agricultural products provide food and fodder for cattle while cattle provide nutritional security goods as well as produce a variety of milk products like milk, ghee, butter, cheese, condensed milk, milk powder, curd, etc. India has a special place in the international market and is the largest producer of milk and the second largest producer of milk products in the world. Incidentally, India produces milk at the lowest cost in the world at 27 cents per liter (63 cents in the US and 2.8 in Japan). Like the mineral water industry, the milk processing industry has ample potential to grow at a very rapid rate, if the current trend continues. India will become the leading producer of milk products in the world with triple growth in the next 10 years. Employment Opportunities Under this industry, employment opportunities exist in both government and non-government sectors. The National Dairy Development Board (Association) is the major public establishment in the region located at various locations, engaged in farmer-led commercial farming activities. There are now more than 400 dairy plants in the country where a variety of milk products are produced. They require well qualified and well trained personnel for efficient operation of the plants.

Dairy Dairying is engaged in milking of animals and other related commercial and industrial activities. Cows and buffaloes are often milked in this. The animals were generally milked by hand and the herd size was quite small, so all the animals were milked in an hour - about ten per milker. With industrialization and urbanization, the supply of milk has taken the form of a commercial industry, with completely different specialized breeds of cattle being developed for dairy. Initially, more people were employed as milkers, but soon with mechanization this work was done by machines. Historically in dairy farms, milking and processing were done simultaneously at the same time and place. People milk the animals by hand; Due to the small number of them on the farm, milk is still milked by hand. By holding and pressing the udder with hands, milk starts coming out, this process has to be repeated continuously to remove the milk, by bringing the udder down with fingers and thumb from the upper end, milk starts coming out. The milk duct opens at the end of the udder by the action of the hand or fingers in the (upper) part, and the movement of the fingers allows the milk which is held in the duct to flow out of the udder. Each time half or a quarter of the udder is emptied to the capacity of the milk duct. The act of unfolding has to be repeated rapidly using both the hands. In both methods, the milk that is stuck in the milk duct comes out and (sitting on the ground) the milker collects the milk into the bucket by resting a bucket between the knees, usually on a small stool that the milker sits on. Traditionally, cows stand in a field or yard while milking. The heifer, a small cow, is also trained to stand still at the time of milking. In many countries, cows are tied to a pole at the time of milking. The problem with this method is that it relies on these calm, docile animals, as the back of the cow cannot be controlled.

Dairy Farm Work When a large number of cows are required to be milked, they are brought to a shed or shed where straw feeding is provided in their stalls and on this pretext they are milked. One person can milk more cows in this way, skilled workers milk about 20 cows. But wait for your milking turn by standing in the cow yard or in the shed it is not good for the cows, their time should be spent in grazing the grass as much as possible. It is generally restricted that milking should be completed twice a day in a maximum of one hour and each time in half an hour. It does not matter whether a person is milking 10 cows or 1000 cows, it should not take more than three hours daily to milk one cow. Machine milking, milk storage facilities (VAT), bulk milk transport, cleaning capacities, and transporting and transporting cows from sheds to barns, as the size of the herd becomes larger. There should be order. Farmers found that at the time of milking, the cows left the grazing area and went to the milking area on their own. This is not surprising because during the milking season, the cows probably start feeling uncomfortable due to the udder hanging from the heavy milk load and relieved by the loss of milk so they go to the milking place. With a large herd of animals, the health problems of the animal also increase. In New Zealand, two methods have been used in this problem. The first drugs were improved animal medicine (and government regulated drugs) that farmers used. The second drug was created by the Veterinary Club where the farmers together hired a veterinary doctor and received his services whenever needed throughout the year. It was up to the doctor to keep the animals healthy and the farmers to at least call him, not the farmers to call him whenever needed and pay him regularly for the service. Most of the dairy farmers would milk twice a day with full regularity and use some high production drugs to milk up to four times a day so that the weight of the milk stored in the udder of the cows would become lighter. This daily cow milking routine goes on for about 300 to 320 days per year. Some small herds are milked once a day for the last 20 days of the production cycle, but this is not normal for large herds. If a cow is not milked immediately her milk production capacity starts decreasing and during the rest of the season her production capacity almost dries up and she continues to eat without any production. However, the practice of once a day milking is widely practiced in New Zealand for its benefits and lifestyle. This has proved to be effective because the decline in milk yield is at least partly balanced by savings in labor and costs. This has been compared to intensive farm systems in the United States where milking is performed three times per day or more per cow to reduce labor costs. Farmers who have contracted the supply of liquid milk for human consumption (as opposed to processing butter, cheese making and hence - see milk) often manage their herds so that they produce milk throughout the year. Stay or maintain the required minimum milk production. This is done by mating cows outside their natural mating time so that a cow gives maximum production when they are in the herd and this rotation continues throughout the year. Farmers in the Northern Hemisphere who keep cows in the barn almost all usually manage the herd throughout the year in such a way that there is continuous production and income throughout the year. Cooperative dairy systems in the Southern Hemisphere do not allow productivity for two months because their system has no production in the spring month and maximizes hay benefits as the milk processing plant gives bonuses in the dry season (winter) So that farmers can be taken without stopping till mid-winter. It also means that cows are relieved of milk production when they are most pregnant. For some years dairy farms have been financially penalized for overproduction so that they are unable to sell their produce at current prices at any time of the year. Artificial insemination (AI) is common in all high production herds.

Milk Industry of India India lives in villages. More than 72 percent of our population is rural and 60 percent of the people are engaged in agriculture. In about 7 crore farming households, one out of every two rural households is associated with the dairy industry. According to the important statistical data related to Indian milk production, 70 percent of the milk supply in the country comes from small/marginal/landless farmers. Cows are more equitably distributed than agricultural land in India. Dairy-industry has a major role in strengthening the rural economy of India. It has been recognized as an important component of socio-economic transformation in the country. There is an interdependent relationship between agriculture and dairy farming. Agricultural products provide food and fodder for cattle while cattle provide nutritional security goods as well as produce a variety of milk products like milk, ghee, butter, cheese, condensed milk, milk powder, curd, etc. India has a special place in the international market and is the largest producer of milk and the second largest producer of milk products in the world. Incidentally, India produces milk at the lowest cost in the world at 27 cents per liter (63 cents in the US and 2.8 in Japan). Like the mineral water industry, the milk processing industry has ample potential to grow at a very rapid rate, if the current trend continues. India will become the leading producer of milk products in the world with triple growth in the next 10 years.

Production

work in progress

Challenges

work in progress

Opportunity

work in progress

Action plan

work in progress

Financial Analysis

work in progress

Introduction:

Uttar Pradesh is the leading state in the field of milk production.
Although the state ranks first in the country by producing 241.939 lakh metric tonnes of milk in the year 2013-14. But the milk productivity per animal is low in the state as compared to other states, mainly due to the low number of high quality animals in the state.
Keeping in view the shortage of high quality livestock, a scheme has been started by the state government to set up 100 dairy units of high quality dairy cattle. Through which interest free Kamdhenu units will be established for the development of entrepreneurship in the field of animal husbandry. Under the scheme, livestock will be purchased from outside the state.
The target of setting up 300 Kamdhenu dairy units has been set under the scheme. Which is scheduled to be established by 31 March 2017.

Objectives of the scheme :

Ensuring availability and production of high production potential animals in the state.
To build a center of excellence for high productive dairy cattle in the state.
To ensure availability of high quality animals to the farmers in the state itself in future.

Key Points of the Plan

Dairy units of 100 milch cows/buffaloes will be set up in the state.
In Dharu cows, only hybrid Jersey, hybrid HF or Sahiwal breed cows and in buffaloes only Murrah breed buffalo will be kept.
To set up a unit of 100 dairy cattle, the animal owner can decide for himself whether to keep all the cows or buffaloes in the unit or how many cows and buffaloes both have to be kept in the unit. But the unit bovine must be of the same species.
The cattle will be procured from outside the state.
The beneficiary must have at least two acres of land in addition to the land required for construction etc.
The total cost of a unit is Rs.121.52 lakhs, which includes purchase of 100 dairy cattle and construction of cattle houses, husk godown, dung gas plant, feed mix plant etc.
25 percent of the total cost of the unit i.e. Rs 30.38 lakh will have to be borne by the beneficiary himself as margin money and the remaining 75 percent of the amount of Rs 91.14 lakh can be obtained through bank loan.
The maximum amount of Rs 32.82 lakh will be reimbursed by the state government for 5 years (60 months) at the rate of 12 percent interest on 75 percent of the plan cost or the loan obtained by the beneficiary from the bank, whichever is less. .
Animal husbandry department has nominated a nodal officer for the scheme in Uttar Pradesh whose contact number is 0522-2742879 and email is kamdhenuyojana2015@gmail.com.

Guidelines

work in progress

Info

work in progress

Other

work in progress

Construction

Process of making animal shelter

Construction

The more clean and comfortable the animal's habitat is, the more healthy the animal is so that it can be able to produce more milk according to its capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to build a clean and ventilated cattle shelter for the milch animal because due to its absence, the animal becomes weak and it gets many types of diseases. The following things should be kept in mind to make an ideal cowshed:

Selection of the place of residence of the animal: It is necessary that the place of the cowshed is flat and a little higher than the rest of the place so that the water of the year, excreta and drains water can easily come out. If the cowshed is built at a deep place So Water and dirt keep accumulating around it, due to which there is a foul smell in the cowshed. It is also necessary to have sunlight at the place of Gaushala. Sunshine should be applied from at least three sides. Due to the length of the cowshed being in the north-south direction Sunlight from east and west will enter the cowshed through windows and doors. It is also important to take care of protection from cold and icy winds in winter.

Accessibility of the place: The location of the Gaushala should be close to the house of the cattle rearer so that he can reach the Gaushala at any time when required. To work on commercial scale, the cowshed must be close to the road so that It should be easy to carry milk, feed, fodder and other goods and the cost is also less.

Electricity, water facility of animal housing: It is also necessary to take care of the availability of electricity and water at the place of Gaushala because sufficient amount of water is necessary for the work of dairy. EC type of electricity for Gaushala at present It is also necessary because it is needed for lighting at night and for fans in summer.

Facility of fodder, labor and marketing: It is very important to keep in mind the availability of fodder while choosing the place of Gaushala because rearing of dairy cattle without fodder is an impossible task. Adequate amount of irrigated cultivable land is also necessary for the production of green fodder. The number of dairy cattle should be kept according to the availability of fodder. The availability of labor for the work of animals should also be at that place because it is very difficult to carry on the work of diary on a large scale without labor. Marketing facilities for seri products like milk, cheese, khoya etc. are also necessary nearby, so while selecting the location, it is also necessary to keep in mind the marketing facility of seri products.

Environment of the place of habitat of the animal: The animal shelter should be built in a clean landed environment. Polluted environment adversely affects the health of animals, which can lead to a decrease in milk production. There should be little or no outbreak of wild animals around the animal shelter so that they do not threaten the dairy cattle.

How to make animal habitat

The housing of dairy cattle is generally of two types:

(a) Closed Housing and

(b) Open Housing

(a) Closed Housing:

In this method the animal is kept tied up and it is given feed and fodder at the same place. The milk of the animal is also extracted at the same place. In this, if the animal has the facility of pasture, then it is opened for grazing only for some time otherwise it remains in one place. In this type of housing, less space is required, it is possible to feed the animals separately, the disease of the animal is easily detected and the animals cannot be mixed together. Along with the above advantages, this method also has some drawbacks such as: housing construction is more expensive, it is difficult to increase the number of animals without increasing the space, the animals do not get complete freedom and the tracking of the animal involved is a little difficult. It's difficult.

(b) Open Housing:

In this method the animals are left open inside a four thick wall and arrangements are made for their food and drink. The cost of building this house is relatively less. In this labor is saved, animals get more comfort and the animal in the item can be traced easily. The major drawbacks of this method are: it requires a lot of space, it is not possible to feed the animals separately and the animals fed in the food harass the other animals.

Semi open housing overcomes the shortcomings of closed and full houses. Therefore, this method of housing is more useful for animal owners. In this, the animal is tied while feeding, milking or treatment, during the rest of the time it is kept open. In this dwelling every animal is given 12-14 square meters. Space is required out of which 4.25 cm (3.5 by 1.2 m) is kept covered and 8.6 cm is kept open. For adult animal feed hoof (nand) 75 cm. The stick is kept 40 cm deep with the front and rear walls of 75 and 130 cm respectively. The side of the gutter should be 2.5-4.0 cm from standing. Standing floor should be made of cement or bricks. Gutter 30-40cm. Wide and 5-7 cm deep and its edges should be rounded. In this every 1.2 cm. for 2.5 cm. Must keep slope External walls1.5 m. should be kept high. In this method, arrangements are made to keep the calves and calves separately in a covered place. A place is also kept in the covered part for the manager to sit and keep the feed. Shady trees should be planted around the shed for summer and animals should be kept in covered area in winter and rainy season. In winter, sacks or polythene curtains can be installed to avoid the cold wind.

The following things related to the housing of the animal should also be kept in mind:

Shed should be constructed on dry and properly prepared land. The shed should not be constructed in a place where water accumulates and where the land is marshy or where it rains heavily.

Shed walls should be 1.5 to 2 meters high. The walls should be well plastered to keep them safe from moisture. The ceiling of the shed should be 3-4 meters high. The shed should be adequately ventilated. The floor should be pucca/hard, level and sloping (3 cm per metre) with proper drainage system to keep it dry and clean.

There should be a 0.25 meter wide pucca drain behind the animal's standing place. A space of 2 X 1.05 m is required for each animal to stand. There should be a space of 1.05 meters for the Nand. The height of the cistern should be 0.5 m and the depth should be 0.25 m.

The corners of the vent, feeder, drain and walls should be rounded, so that they can be cleaned easily. There should be a feeding space of 5-10 sqm for each animal.

Shady place/cover and soft drinking water should be provided in summer. Animals should be kept inside at night and during rainy season in winter. Every day bedding should be provided for each animal. The shed and its surroundings should be kept clean.

External parasites such as mites, flies, etc. should be controlled by spraying malathion or copper sulphate solution in dens and sheds.

The urine of the animals should be collected in the pit by flushing and then carried to the field through drains/canals. Dung and urine should be used in a proper way. The ideal solution is to set up a Gobar gas plant. Where cow dung gas plants have not been established, compost should be prepared by mixing cow dung with animal dung and other waste materials.

“Efficient food management is needed for economical milk production by dairy cattle”

Profit in dairy business mainly depends on three factors like breed of animal, animal management and animal nutrition. Animal nutrition plays an important role in the growth rate and productivity of dairy cattle. Appropriate feeding ensures that the animal attains its desired body weight, produces more milk and remains healthy. 70 percent of the total expenditure on dairy cattle is on its diet alone, adding to its importance.

Dietary Balance

Farmers on the basis of their traditional knowledge, which has been known to them from generation to generation and one or two food items available in the local area like bran, cake, chuni, cereal grains etc. and green fodder and crop according to the season The remains / straw continue to feed their animals. Very few farmers feed their animals with mineral mixture daily, even those who feed, they give only 25 to 50 grams. Or there is an imbalance of minerals. Due to unbalanced diet, the animal gives less milk, the cost of production remains high and the health and fertility of the animal is also affected. Therefore, it is imperative to educate farmers on dietary balance of dairy cattle.

Benefits of the Diet Balancing Program:

Creating a low cost balanced diet using locally available animal foods
Increased milk production, fat and SNF
Increase in net income
Improving Fertility
The gap between two calves is reduced, which increases the production life of the animal
Improving animal health
Calves – Improving the growth rate of calves, so that they are young sooner
Feeding Diet to Calves/Calves (Birth to 26th Week):

• Generally, there is a lack of energy in the diet of freshly bred and high-milk animals. The lack of this energy increases further due to less feeding of the animal and increased milk production. It has been observed that after calving, it is common for animals to lose around 80 to 100 kg of body weight. Such weak animals are not able to come into heat until they regain their body weight completely or partially after calving. Because of this, there is a delay in pregnancy in animals and the interval between two weaning becomes longer. In addition, the cattle also give less milk during this period, and the milk production for the whole calving also decreases. When there is more milk production, farmers usually feed their animals with oil or ghee. But it is not economical, and the digestibility of the fiber in the rumen is also reduced. Energy deficit can be reduced by feeding bypass fat to high milking, pregnant and newly bred animals. And this helps in improving milk production and fertility. Bypass fat can be used in the feed of dairy cattle up to 10 days before breeding and up to 90 days after. It can be included in the diet of dairy cattle at the rate of 15 to 20 grams per kg of milk production or 100 to 150 grams per animal per day. Feeding bypass fat does not hinder fiber digestion and is more beneficial than feeding ghee/oil.

Benefits of Bypass Fat Feeding:

Increases and maintains milk production.

Increases fertility after calving.

Decreased chances of getting metabolic diseases such as ketosis or mild fever.

Increases the productivity and productive life of animals.

Bypass Protein Supplement

• There are four compartments in the stomach of milk producing animals. First and foremost is the 'rumen', where most of the fermentation of feed and straw takes place. When we give protein cakes/meals to these animals, most of the protein (60-70%) is converted into ammonia by the bacteria in the rumen. Most of this ammonia is excreted through urine as urea. Thus a significant portion of the cake, which is the most expensive part of animal feed, is wasted. If we give suitable chemical treatment to these protein cakes, their fermentation in the rumen can be reduced. This process/treatment, which prevents fermentation of oil cake proteins in the rumen, is called bypass protein technique. Preserved cakes / Meal is digested more efficiently in the small intestine and as a result, additional protein becomes available for milk production. It helps animals to produce more milk with good quality.

mixed animal feed

Compound animal feed is a mixture prepared by mixing various food ingredients in suitable proportions. Mixed animal feed mainly consists of cereals, bran, oil cakes, pulses, agro-industrial by-products, minerals and vitamins. It is a cheap source of providing essential nutrients to the animals, be it in the form of powder, tablets, pudding or cubes etc. Mixed animal feed acts as a balanced and tasty nutritious food for growing calves / calves, for adult animals, for dry, milch and pregnant animals. By using it regularly in prescribed quantity, the cost of milk production can be reduced and the net income of the farmers can be increased. The amount of mixed animal feed can be fixed as follows:

Mixed Animal Feed	for the cows (400 kg body weight)	for buffaloes (500 kg body weight)
to feed	1.5 - 2.0 kg	2.0 - 2.5kg
For milk production (per litre)	400 grams	500 grams
Pregnancy	2.0 kg (in last two months)	2.0 – 2.5 kg (in last two months)

Urea Molasses Mineral Block (UMMB)

Urea Molasses Mineral Block is prepared by mixing urea, molasses, mineral mixture and other ingredients in suitable proportions. It is a better source of easily available energy, protein and mineral elements for dairy cattle. Feeding Urea Molasses Mineral Block animals not only gives them plenty of nutrients, In addition, slow ingestion of urea leads to the production of more bioproteins, which improves digestion. Urea Molasses Mineral Block is very useful in areas with low availability of green fodder.

duration	Colostrum/milk (kg per day)	Feed of calves/calves (kg per day)	Good quality dry hay (ha) * (kg per day)	Green Fodder*(kg per day)
0-2 days	1.5-2.0 [colostrum (giggle)]	--	--	--
3-4 days	1.5-2.0 (Milk)	--	--	--
4-14 days	1.0-1.5 (milk)	0.10	0.10	--
Third week	0.5-1.0 (milk)	0.20	0.15	0.75
fourth week	Milk (0.5 kg) or milk substitute (0.25 kg) can be given, if available with the farmer	0.25	0.20	1.25
fifth week	--	0.40	0.30	2.0
Sixth week	--	0.50	0.40	2.5
Seventh week	--	0.60	0.60	3.0
Eighth week	--	0.70	0.80	3.5
Ninth week	--	0.80	0.90	4.0
tenth-eleventh week	--	1.0	0.90	5.0
Twelfth week	--	1.20	1.00	5.0
thirteenth-sixteenth week	--	1.50	1.20	6.0
seventeen-twenty weeks	--	1.75	1.50	7.5
twenty-six weeks	--	2.00	2.00	8.0

Note: * The requirement of hay and green fodder may vary according to breed and body weight of calves. It is very important to feed colostrum to newborn calves.

Nutrition of calf

The success of any dairy farm depends on the proper management of its calves. Better nutrition in early life of calves is good for their rapid growth and early maturity. , At the time of their puberty they should be carefully reared to attain 70-75 percent of their mature body weight. Due to improper nutrition of small calves/calfs, older age at first calves and reduced productivity throughout life span.

Some important points related to the diet of calves/calves:

Colostrum should be fed within half an hour after the birth of calves

Feeding milk/milk replacer to calves

Good quality calves should be given from the second week of birth

Good quality hay should also be given to the calves

Anthelmintic and vaccination should be done on time

Green Fodder Production Technology

The production capacity of animals depends on the diet given to them. If balanced diet is given to the animals, then the production capacity of the animals can definitely be increased. By using green fodder, the body gets Vitamin 'A' and other vitamins as per the requirement of the animals. Therefore, every animal husbandry must make arrangements for feeding green fodder throughout the year to get proper production from his livestock. In order to get more milk production from the animals, the farmers should grow such multi-year green fodder crops from which pulses and non-pulse fodder can be available to the animals throughout the year. Farmers must make plans to grow nutritious green fodder for Rabi and Kharif. The methods of growing some nutritious green fodder for Kharif and Rabi are as follows:

1. Technology of growing cowpea fodder crop

Its fodder is very nutritious, in which 17 to 18 percent protein is found. Calcium and phosphorus are present in sufficient quantity. It is sown alone or in combination with pulse crops like jowar or maize. Land and land preparation It is cultivated in loamy or sandy and light black soil. The drainage of the land should be good. One plowing should be done with soil turning plow and 2-3 plowing should be done with indigenous plow or cultivator. Improved varieties of cowpea: Russian Giant, HFC-42-1, UPC-5286, 5287, UPC-287, NP-3, Bundel Cowpea (IMC. -8503), c.-20, c.-30.-558). Seed Treatment: 2.5 g Thiram per kg Treat the seeds at seed rate. Sowing Time: It should be sown in the month of June-July when the rains start. Seed Rate: 40 kg for sowing alone. Seed per hectare is sufficient. For sowing 15-20 kg mixed with maize or jowar. Seeds should be used. Fertilizer: 25-30 kg at the time of sowing. nitrogen and 30-40 kg. Phosphorus, 15-20 kg. IFFCO N for giving potash. PK 120 kg and 35 kg. Urea should be used per hectare. Yield: A yield of 250-300 quintals of green fodder is obtained. 2. Technique of Growing Jowar Fodder Crop Jowar is the main fodder crop in Kharif. Up to 7-9 percent protein is found in improved species. land: Loamy, sandy loam and light and medium black soil with good drainage is good for jowar cultivation. Improved varieties of jowar: Mithi Jowar (Rio): PC-6, PC-9, U.P. Chari 1 & 2, Pant Chari-3, H.-4, E.C.-308, Haryanvi Chari-171, I.G.F.R.I.M.-452, S.-427, R. I.-212, FS-277, HC--136 Multiple cropped sorghum species: MP. Chari and Pusa Chari-23, SSG-5937 (Sweet Sudan), MFSH-3, Pioneer-998 are considered the best varieties of jowar for high harvesting. They contain 5-6 percent protein and the toxin found in jowar is less hydrocyanic acid. Sowing Time: Sowing in June/July is fine. Seed Rate: In small seeded varieties seed 25-30 kg. And 40-50 kg of other species. per hectare should be kept. Sow should be done with cowpea in the ratio of 2:1. Fertilizer: In improved varieties 80-100 kg. Nitrajan, 40-50 kg. Phosphate, 20-25 kg. Potash is required per hectare. For this NPK 12:32:16 65 kg for indigenous castes. and 100-120 kg for improved varieties. Apply before sowing per hectare. In urea standing crop, 70 kg in native species. and 140 kg in hybrid species. Give once per hectare as per requirement. Harvesting: The crop becomes harvestable for fodder in 60-70 days.

3. Maize Fodder Crop Improved varieties of maize: Usually only grainy species are used for fodder. Farmer, African Tall and Vijay in maize, Type-41 in native are the main varieties. Hybrid Maize Ganga-2, Ganga-7 can be taken for fodder. Sowing Time: It should be sown when the first rainfall occurs in June or July. Seed Rate: 50- 60 kg The seed per hectare is sufficient for sowing of pure crop. It should be sown with leguminous fodder like cowpea mixed with 2:1. Fertilizer: 120 kg in hybrid and complex varieties. and 80 kg in native species. nitrogen and 60 kg. Phosphate, 60 kg Potash is required per hectare. For this NPK 12:32:16 In indigenous castes 100 kg. and 190 kg in hybrid/packaged species. per hectare can be given. 150 kg of urea in indigenous species. and hybrid - cluster species 215 kg. Can be given twice as per requirement at the rate of per hectare. Seed Rate: 50-60 kg for pure fodder crop. Sowing can be done with cowpea per hectare and leguminous in the ratio of 3:1. Harvesting: Harvesting can be done after 65-75 days. 4. Method of Growing Guar Green Fodder Crop Guar is a nutritious and leguminous fodder crop for arid regions. It can often be sown by mixing it with jowar and millet. Improved Varieties of Guar: Type-2, FOS-277 & HFC-119, HFC-156, Bundel Guar-1, IGRI-212-9, Bundel Guar-2 Sowing Time: The best time for sowing is June or July after the first monsoon. Seed Rate: 40 kg for pure crop. 15-16 kg per hectare for millennium crop. per hectare is kept. Fertilizer: 120 kg NPK The crop is good when used at the time of sowing at the rate of 12:32:16 per hectare. Yield: The average yield of green fodder is 150-225 quintals per hectare. 5. Millet Fodder Crop Improved Varieties of Millet: Pusa-322 in hybrid, Pusa-23, Raj-171 in cluster, WCC-75 are suitable for fodder. Seed Rate: 10-12 kg for pure crop. Seed is sufficient. Bajra and cowpea are sown in 2:1 ratio in Milwa crop. Fertilizer: 100 kg Natrajan, 50 kg. phosphorus and 50 kg. Potash should be applied at the rate of per hectare. For this 100-120 kg. IFFCO NPK can give. At the time of sowing, 175 kg. Give urea for first and second harvesting. Irrigation: Usually the crops sown during the rainy season do not require irrigation. Yield: The average yield of green fodder is 400-500 quintals per hectare. 6. Method of Growing Oat Fodder Crop Oats are a nutritious feed which is fed in large quantities to all classes of animals. The amount of protein is relatively less, so it should be fed with Versim or Rijka in the ratio of 1:1 or 2:1. Oat species: Based on the tests, the best variety for fodder cant (UPO-94), UPO-212, OS-6, JHO-822, JH is .o-851. Seed Rate: 100-120 kg per hectare.

Sowing Time: It should be sown in the first fortnight of October till November. Fertilizer: Fertilizer 80:40:30 Kg Nitrogen, phosphorus and potash should be applied at the rate of per hectare. For this 125 kg. NPK 12:32:16 and 140 kg. Urea is required per hectare. Apply urea after first and second harvesting. Harvesting: First harvesting should be taken after 50-55 days, then it is appropriate to take harvesting after the month. Plant cutting 8-10 cm. Do it from a height of , so that the re-growth of plants is good. To get good yield of seeds, after the first harvest of the crop, it should be left for seed. Yield: Two harvesting of the crop yields 50 tonnes of green fodder. If the crop is left after the first harvest for taking seeds, about 25 tonnes of green fodder, 15-20 quintals of seed and 20-25 quintals of straw per hectare is obtained. 7. Production of Berseem Fodder Crop By sowing of Barseem fodder in the first fortnight of October, animals get green fodder from December to May. Varseem can be sown easily after maize, paddy, jowar or bajra. Farming preparation: Berseem is cultivated in all lands, but generally heavy loamy soil which has high water holding capacity. It is suitable for cultivation. Paddy fields are often suitable for sowing of varseem. pH of the land The value must be 6.0 or greater. The soil of cultivation should be made friable by moving the harrow two or three times. The leveling of the field is essential for the cultivation of varseem. Small beds should be made before sowing. The length and width of the bed should not be more than 4-5 meters. Species of Berseem: Barseem's boon JV-1 and VL-1, VL-10, JHV-146 are the major species. Seed Rate and Seed Treatment: 25-30 kg The seed requirement is per hectare. If 1 kg. If per hectare of fodder mustard is sown together, good quantity of fodder can be obtained in the first harvest. Chicory seeds are often mixed with the seeds of varsim. For good seed production it is necessary that pure seed is sown. If the seeds mixed with chicory are put in a solution containing 5-10 percent salt, then the chicory seeds float in water and they can be separated easily. If varseem is being sown for the first time in a field, then it is very important to treat the seed by varseem culture before sowing. Fertilizer: 30 kg Nitrajan and 80 kg. Phosphorus @ 175 kg per hectare. dap and 100 kg after first, second and third harvesting. Urea should be given per hectare. Harvesting: First harvesting is done after 50-55 days and then harvesting can be done at 30 days interval. In this way 4-5 harvests can be done.

Increased profits from hydroponics green fodder production technology

Goa is dependent on neighboring states to meet its daily milk requirements, as the milk production in Goa is only a third of its daily requirement. Actually, the biggest problem in the dairy business of the state is of fodder. 80 percent of the farmers of the state have less than one hectare of land. In such a situation, there is no land left for pasture. Apart from this, the cost of fodder in the state is also high due to soil salinity, high cost of fencing and expensive human labor. Here the annual demand for concentrate fodder, green fodder and dry fodder is 1.23, 10.08 and 1.67 lakh tonnes respectively but the production is much less in comparison. The cost of concentrate fodder, green fodder and dry fodder is Rs.15, 5 and Rs.10 per kg respectively.

In view of this problem of farmers, under the National Agricultural Development Scheme of the Government of India, Goa Dairy has established a green fodder production unit with hydroponics technology at ICAR Research Complex, Old Goa. Hydroponics is a technique in which crops are grown with only water and nutrients without being planted in the field. 10 more such units have been set up in various dairy cooperative societies of Goa. Each unit has the capacity to produce 600 kg of green fodder per day. ICAR Research Complex Hydroponics is also providing technical advice to farmers in this regard along with production and standardization of green fodder.

This fodder is grown from maize.

This fodder is grown from maize. For this, 1.25 kg of maize seeds are soaked in water for four hours and then placed in a tray of 90X32 cm. This green fodder is ready in a week. When removed from the tray, this bait looks like a mat containing roots, stems and plants. One kg yellow maize (CT-818) yields 3.5 kg and one kg white maize (GM-4) produces 5.5 kg hydroponics green fodder. The cost of production of hydroponics fodder prepared from white maize is Rs.4 per kg while that of yellow maize is produced at Rs.5 per kg. The crude protein in conventional green fodder is 10.7 percent while the crude protein in hydroponics green fodder is 13.6 percent. The crude fiber in conventional green fodder is 25.9 per cent while the crude fiber in hydrophonics green fodder is only 14.1 per cent. For a dairy cattle 24 kg of hydroponics green fodder a day is sufficient. Green fodder is essential for dairy cattle. However, where it is not available, farmers can produce hydroponics green fodder. It also increases milk production.

India is a country with a large indigenous bovine population with rich biodiversity. There are 40 well defined breeds of cows and 13 of buffaloes. Due to their adaptation to harsh climatic conditions, ability to produce on poor molasses diet and fodder, resistance to diseases etc.

The main reason for the reduction in the number of such breeds is the decrease in their productivity, which is not a profitable situation for the farmers. The solution, therefore, lies in increasing the genetic potential of these breeds for milk productivity. Systematic efforts in this direction will not only increase the productivity of these breeds but will also prevent their re-loss.

With the twin objectives of development and conservation, NDDB has initiated programs for enhancement of genetic merit of selected indigenous breeds. These are likely to increase the productivity of our indigenous breeds of cows and buffaloes.

Cow Breeds in India

Serial No..	breed	home area
1	Amrit Mahal	Karnataka
2	Bachaur	Bihar
3	Bargur	Tamil Nadu
4	dangi	Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
5	Dioni	Maharashtra and Karnataka
6	golo	Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
7	fall	Gujarat
8	Halikar	Maharashtra and Karnataka
9	Haryana	Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
10	Kangayam	Tamil Nadu
11	Kankrej	Gujarat and Rajasthan
12	Kenkatha	Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
13	Kherigarh	Uttar Pradesh
14	Malvi	Madhya Pradesh
15	Khillar	Maharashtra and Karnataka
16	Krishna Valley	Karnataka
17	Mewati	Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
18	Nagori	Karnataka
19	Nimari	Madhya Pradesh
20	Ongole	Andhra Pradesh
21	Ponwar	Uttar Pradesh
22	Punganoor	Andhra Pradesh
23	Rathi	Rajasthan
24	Red Kandhari	Maharashtra
25	Red Sindhi	Only on organized farms
26	Sahiwal	Punjab and Rajasthan
27	Siri	Sikkim and West Bengal
28	Tharparkar	Rajasthan
29	Amalayachery	Tamil Nadu
30	Vechoor	Kerala
31	Motu	Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh
32	Ghumusari	Orissa
33	Binjharpuri	Orissa
34	Khariyar	Orissa
35	pullikulam	Tamil Nadu
36	Kosali	Chhattisgarh
37	Malnad Giddha	Karnataka
38	Belahi	Haryana and Chandigarh
39	Ganga Tiri	Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

Buffalo Breeds in India

Serial No..	breed	home area
1	Bhadavari	Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
2	Jafrabadi	Gujarat
3	Marathwadi	Maharashtra
4	mahesana	Gujarat
5	murrah	Haryana
6	Nagpuri	Maharashtra
7	Neli Ravi	Punjab
8	Pandharpuri	Maharashtra
9	Surti	Gujarat
10	Toda	Tamil Nadu
11	Bunny	Gujarat
12	chilika	Odisha
13	Kalahandi	Odisha

Main diseases of dairy cattle and their treatment

There are many diseases in dairy cattle due to many reasons. Microviruses, bacteria, fungi, endo and Brahma parasites, protozoa, malnutrition and disorders in the metabolism inside the body are among the main reasons. There are many life-threatening diseases in these diseases, many diseases affect the production of animals. Some diseases are transmitted from one animal to another, such as mouth and hoof disease, strangulation, etc., are called contagious diseases. Some diseases also come from animals to humans, such as rabies, tuberculosis, etc., these are called zoonotic diseases. Therefore, it is necessary for the animal husband to be aware of the major diseases so that by taking appropriate steps at the right time, he can protect himself from economic loss and also cooperate in protecting human health. Following are the major diseases of dairy cattle:

viral disease

Mouth and hoof disease

A disease caused by a microscopic virus (virus) is known in different places by different local names such as Kharedu, Mouth Paka Khur Paka, Chapka, Khurpa etc. This is a very fast spreading contagious disease, which is beneficial in animals like cow, buffalo, sheep, bcrim camel, pig etc. This disease is found more seriously in the cows of foreign and cross breed disease. This disease is everywhere in our country. Animals suffering from this disease recover and become very weak. Milk production in dairy cattle is very less and bullocks are not able to wean for a long time. The hair cover on the body was rough.

Cause of disease:- Mouth-pipe disease is caused by a very small virus, which has many types and sub-types. Their major varieties include O, A, C, Asia-1, Asia-2, Asia-3, SAT-1, SAT-3 and their 14 sub-varieties. In our country, this disease is mainly caused by O, A, C and Asia-1 type of viruses. Moist environment, internal weakness of the animal, movement of animals and people from one place to another and disease outbreak in the nearby area are the factors contributing to the spread of this disease.

Infection method:- This disease spreads through direct contact with sick animal, water, grass, grain, utensils, hands of milking person, air and movement of people. Viruses of the disease are found in large numbers in the saliva of the sick animal, blisters lying in the mouth, hooves and udders. They can survive for up to four months in the open on grass, fodder, and floor, but they die very quickly during the summer season. The virus enters the blood of a healthy animal through the tongue, mouth, intestine, space between the hooves, udders and wounds, and causes symptoms of disease in about 5 days.

Symptoms of the disease:- 104-106 D.C. to the diseased animal. Fever goes up to Fahrenheit. He stops eating and drinking and chewing gum. Milk production falls. Saliva starts flowing from the mouth and when the mouth is moved, there is a chirping sound, that is why it is also called chapka disease. Sometimes there are blisters on the udders and ions. These blisters take the form of wounds after bursting due to which the animal starts feeling very painful. Due to pain and soreness in the mouth, the animal stops drinking, due to which it becomes very weak. Many times miscarriage also occurs in pregnant women. Newborn baby / chicks die without showing any symptoms. Due to carelessness, insects fall in the hooves of the animal and sometimes the shells of the hooves also come out. Although the mortality rate in adult animals is low (about 10%) but due to this disease, the animal husbandry has to bear a lot of economic loss. Milk production decreases in milking animals. The body of cured animals becomes rough and sometimes gasping disease occurs in them. Bullocks lose their ability to do heavy work.

Treatment:- There is no definite treatment for this disease but the animal is treated on the basis of symptoms to reduce the severity of the disease. To prevent secondary infection in the sick animal, he is given antibiotic vaccines on the advice of the veterinarian. The wounds of the mouth and hoofs are washed with alum or potash water. Boro-Glycerin in the mouth and any antiseptic lotion or cream on the hoofs can be used.

Prevention of Disease:-

Year of polyvalent vaccine to animals to prevent this disease Vaccinations must be given twice in the baby / chicks. The first vaccine should be given at the age of 1 month, the second at the age of the third month and the third at the age of 6 months and after that according to the regular schedule.
A diseased animal should be separated from healthy animals in case of disease.
A person taking care of sick animals should also stay away from the shed of healthy animals.
The movement of sick animals should be banned.
An animal should not be bought from the disease affected area.
The cattle should be kept clean.
Carcass of an animal that died of this disease should not be left open and buried.

2.Animal plague (rinderpest):

This disease is also a contagious disease caused by a virus that affects almost all ruminant animals. In this the animal gets severe diarrhea or dysentery. This disease is transmitted to healthy animals through direct contact with sick animals. Apart from this, the disease can also be spread by the characters and the person taking care. In this the animal gets high fever and the animal becomes restless. Milk production is reduced and the eyes of the animal become reddish red. After 2-3 days there are grains in the mouth of the animal, under the lips, gums and tongue, which later take the form of wounds. The animal starts salivating from the mouth and gets thin and foul-smelling stools in which blood also starts coming. In this the animal becomes very weak and there is a lack of water in it. In this disease the animal dies in 3-9 days. Due to the outbreak of this disease, millions of animals died all over the world. Now under the plan of eradication of this disease globally, under the Rinderpest Eradication Project implemented by the Government of India, now this disease has been almost eradicated in the state and the country with the continuous use of 100% preventive vaccines.

3.Rabies disease in animals:

The microscopic virus causing this disease enters the body of a healthy animal through the bite of a mild dog, cat, monkey, jackal, fox or mongoose and causes symptoms of the disease by reaching the brain through the nerves. This virus is abundant in the saliva of the diseased animal and this disease can be spread by the patient animal biting another animal or by applying the patient's saliva on any wound already present in the body. This disease can also come from diseased animals to humans, so this disease is of great importance from the point of view of public health. Once the symptoms of this disease arise in animal or human, there is no cure for it and its death is certain. This disease can occur within a period of 10 days to 210 days after the virus enters the body through wounds etc. The closer the lesion is to the brain, the sooner the symptoms of the disease arise in the animal, such as in an animal bitten on the head or face, this disease can arise after a week.

Symptoms:- Rabies is seen mainly in two forms, the first in which the diseased animal becomes very fearful and the second in which it remains completely calm. All the symptoms of the disease are clearly visible in the animal in the first or acute form, but in the calm form the symptoms of the disease are very few or negligible.

In the early stages of this disease in dogs, there is a change in behavior and their eyes become sharper. Sometimes the body temperature also rises. After 2-3 days his restlessness increases and there is a lot of irritability in him. He starts running very fast about imaginary objects and or without any purpose and he bites whatever he finds on the way. In the last stage, due to paralysis in the neck of the animal, its voice changes, There is trembling in the body and bark in the body and he is paralyzed and remains in an unconscious state. In this condition he dies.

The symptoms of the dreadful form of this disease are seen in cows and buffaloes. The animal looks very excited and tries to run away very fast. He starts yawning loudly and is seen taking yawns in between. He bangs his head against a tree or wall. Many animals may also show signs of estrus. The diseased animal becomes weak and dies. The main symptoms of this disease in humans are feeling excited, feeling great difficulty in swallowing water or any food item and finally paralysis etc.

Treatment and Prevention:- Once the symptoms develop, there is no cure for this disease. As soon as a healthy animal is bitten by an animal suffering from this disease, it should be immediately taken to the nearest veterinary hospital and vaccinated against this disease. This work should not be relaxed at all because these vaccines can be effective only until the symptoms of the disease develop in the animal. Pet dogs should be vaccinated regularly to avoid this disease and stray dogs should be eliminated. should be given The registration of pet dogs should be done by the local organizations and the responsibility of their regular vaccination should be faithfully done by the owner.

Bacterial diseases

Halloween disease (HS): It is a very fatal and contagious disease occurring in cows and buffaloes, which mostly occurs in the rainy season, it is found more in buffaloes than in cattle. This disease spreads very fast and takes a large number of animals in its grip and becomes the cause of their death, due to which the animal owners have to suffer heavy losses. The main symptoms of this disease include high fever, swelling of the throat, shortness of breath, shortness of breath, and hoarseness while breathing. Sometimes the animal dies suddenly without any obvious symptoms.

Treatment and Prevention:- The animal suffering from this disease should be shown to the vet immediately, otherwise the animal dies. If the treatment is given at the right time, the diseased animal can be saved. Prophylactic vaccines are administered to prevent this disease. The first vaccine is given at the age of 3 months, the second at the age of 9 months and every year thereafter. These vaccines are administered free of charge in veterinary institutions.

Lame Fever (Black Quarter):

This disease spread by bacteria happens to both cows and buffaloes, but this disease is seen more in cattle and only good and healthy animals are mostly affected by this. In this disease, there is a heavy swelling in the upper part of the hind or fore legs, due to which the animal starts walking or sitting with a limp. The animal gets high fever and makes a crackling sound when the inflamed area is pressed.

Treatment and Prevention:-

For the treatment of the diseased animal, one should immediately contact the nearest veterinary hospital so that the animal can get proper treatment soon. Delay makes it almost impossible to escape the animal because the poison (toxin) produced by the bacteria becomes almost impossible to escape in the body which becomes the cause of death of the animal. For treatment, the animal is vaccinated with procaine penicillin in high doses and the same drug is injected into the meat through a needle at the site of inflammation. To prevent this disease, preventive vaccines are administered free of cost in veterinary institutions, so animal owners must take advantage of this facility.

Brucellosis (contagious abortion of animals):

In this bacterial disease, abortion occurs in the last trimester of pregnancy in cattle and buffaloes. This disease can also come from animals to humans. In humans, it causes a disease called fluctuating fever (avulent fever). In animals, an opaque substance comes out from the vagina before abortion and after abortion, the animal's girth stops. Apart from this, it can cause arthritis (inflammation of the joints) in the joints.

Treatment and Prevention:-

So far there is no cure for this disease. If there are more than 5% positive cases of this disease in the area, for the prevention of the disease, vaccination of Brucella-Abortus strain-19 can be done in the chicks at the age of 3-6 months. This disease can also be avoided by adopting artificial insemination method of breeding in animals.

Blood protozoan disease-

Babesiosis or tick fever (blood in animal urine):

This disease in animals is caused by a single celled organism called protozoa. The protozoa of Babesia species enter the blood of animals through mites and they go into the red blood cells of the blood and start increasing their number, as a result of which the red blood cells start getting destroyed. The hemoglobin present in red blood cells starts coming out of the body through urine, due to which the color of urine becomes coffee-colored. Sometimes he also gets bloody diarrhea. In this, the animal becomes very weak due to lack of blood, the symptoms of jaundice also appear in the animal and if the treatment is not given on time, the animal dies.

Treatment and Prevention:-

If the animal is treated on time, then Pahu can be saved from this disease. In this, the vaccines of Birenyl are given in meat according to the size of the animal and blood-enhancing drugs are used. To save the animals from this disease, it is necessary to avoid them from the mites because this disease spreads in the animals only through the mites.

External and intra-parasitic diseases-

The outbreak of lice, mites and fleas on the body of animals:-

External parasites such as lice, fleas or mites on the animal's body suck the blood of animals on the outbreak, due to which they lose blood and they become weak. The milk production capacity of these animals decreases and they become victims of many other diseases. Many parasites such as mites also cause some other diseases like tick-fever infection in animals. There are many medicines available to prevent the outbreak of external parasites in animals, which can be avoided by using them according to the advice of the veterinarian.

Intraparasitic outbreaks in animals:-

Many types of parasites are also found in the digestive tract of animals, which are called intra-parasites. They subsist on the animal's stomach, intestines, liver, its blood and food, due to which the animal becomes weak and it becomes a victim of many other diseases. This also reduces the production capacity of the animal. In spite of giving proper diet to the animals, if they appear weak, then its dung samples should be tested in the veterinary hospital. Seeing the parasite eggs in the dung samples, the animal is given appropriate medicine, due to which the parasites are destroyed.

Product

work in progress

workers

work in progress

(a) Whole milk- Milk obtained from healthy animal which has not changed its composition to solid is called whole milk. This type of milk is called cow, goat, buffalo milk. The minimum amount of fat and fat-free solids in whole milk is kept at 3.5% and 8.5% in cow and 6% and 9% in buffalo, respectively.

(b) Standard milk- This milk in which the amount of fat and fat-free solids is removed from the milk and the minimum fat in milk is 4.5% and fat-free solids are kept at 8.5%.

(c) Toned milk- Toned milk is obtained by mixing water and suppressed milk powder in whole milk, whose fat content has been fixed at 3% and fat-free solids as 8.5%.

(d) Double Toned Milk - Fat in this milk is 1.5% and fat-free solid 9% is fixed.

(e) Reconstituted milk- When milk is prepared by dissolving milk powder in water in which 1 part milk powder and 7 to 8 parts water are mixed, then it is called reconstituted milk.

(f) Recombined milk- This milk which is prepared by mixing certain quantities of butter oil, suppress milk powder and water is called recombined milk. In which the fat content is 3% and the fat-free solid content has been fixed at 8.5%.

(g) Field milk- When milk fat is removed from whole milk and vegetable fat is added in its place, it is called field milk.

Curd

Curd is a milk product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. The fermentation of lactose produces lactic acid, which reacts with milk proteins to turn it into curd, giving it its characteristic texture and characteristic sour taste. Soy curd is a non-milk by-product alternative to Curd made from soy milk.

Curd is rich in nutrients like protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12.

Buttermilk

Buttermilk, whey or buttermilk is a beverage made from Curd. Originally, after churning curd with a churn, the liquid left over after extracting ghee was called buttermilk. Nowadays, many drinks made from the fermentation of milk are also counted in the category of buttermilk.

Cheese

Paneer (Indian cottage cheese) extracted from ghee, or if any acid (such as lemon juice) is added to whole milk, or a substance called reneth, obtained from the stomach of a calf, is added to the milk, then the milk accumulates. In this process the chenna (casein) gets separated from the watery part of the milk. After separating the water by filtering it with a cloth, the sieved part is removed. In this chiseled part, apart from casein, a small amount of ghee, milk sugar and water remain. Gheeless paneer is also made from milk extracted from ghee or butter.

The chiseled part, which also contains milk, sugar and vitamins found in milk, is kept under special temperature and moisture conditions for fermentation. This process is called ripening process. This is done for a few weeks to a few months. The characteristic of cheese depends on this action itself. The longer this cooking process is done, the more excellent the paneer, the more nutritious and healthy it becomes. This process of cooking is very complex and narrow, because the usefulness of the cheese made and its properties depend on this process. Due to this action, the milk sugar present in paneer gets converted into lactic acid, chhena or casein gets converted into more digestible protein compounds and fat also gets converted into simpler compounds. A small amount of edible salt is also added to the cheese prior to fermentation. According to the amount of heat and moisture used during the process, a special kind of intoxicating smell and pungent taste is generated in the cheese.

Paneer is generally made of two types:

(1) moist and soft, in which the water content is high, and

(2) Dry or hard variety, with very little water content.

Four types of cheese are sold in the market:

(1) cottage cheese made from whole milk with especially high amounts of butter added,

(2) Cheese made from whole milk only,

(3) Paneer made from skimmed milk and

(4) Cheese with Margarine.

Chenna

Chhena is a milk product made by tearing milk. In other words, it is called fresh paneer which has high water content and breaks easily and is not made to store for a long time.

Cheese (Western Cheese)

Cheese is the name of a diverse group of foods made from milk. Cheeses of different colors and tastes are made in almost all parts of the world. In addition to high quality protein and calcium, phosphorus, zinc, vitamin A, Nutrients like riboflavin and vitamin B2 are also found. It also protects the tooth enamel and prevents tooth decay.

Ghee

Ghee is a special type of butter that has been used as a food ingredient in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times. It is also used in place of edible oil in Indian food. It is made from milk butter. It is an important ingredient in the cuisine of South Asia and the Middle East.

Butter doesn't last long. When it ferments, it becomes purulent; But if the ghee is completely dry, it lasts for a long time. Ghee has a pleasant taste and smell. It is also digested quickly. Ghee contains Vitamin "A", Vitamin "D" and Vitamin "E". The amount of vitamins is not same in all seasons. The volume increases.

Ghee has a special kind of smell, which is not present in milk. This odor is produced due to fermentation and oxidation forming an organic compound called 'diacetyl'.

Khoya

The rapid evaporation of water from milk is called khoya. In this, the heat is boiled keeping the heat high and the milk has to be stirred all the time. The mouth of the pot for heating milk should be wide. At the last moment, the temperature should be kept low, otherwise there is a high possibility of burning khoya. If it is to be packed and sold in the market, then packing should be done in moisture barrier butter paper.

HOMOGENIZATION

In this process, by mechanical method, the milk fat balls and milk serum are divided into small particles of equal size. So that milk and fat can be contained in one and not separate. This process is useful for making flavored milks like soy milk, strawberry flavored milk, milk compress, ice cream mix etc.

It has the advantage that milk can be easily digested. It is equally digestible for children and elderly people and it is not possible to separate the fat and cream from this type of milk. After going through this process, curd and ice cream become soft. There are advantages in this process as well as disadvantages such as some proteins break down on heating the milk, the smell of burning in the milk, vitamins B and C are destroyed and there is a lot of difficulty in the maintenance of this type of milk. Caution has to be taken.

Homogenization Process

receiving milk

freezing the milk by 5°C

collecting milk in one place

Standdrization of Milk

Filtering Milk

Homogenization of milk at 60 °C and pressure removal at 2500 lbs per square inch

Incubation of milk at 72 °C (in 15 seconds)

Filling and packaging the milk

freezing milk (up to 5 °C)

Preserving milk (at 5°C temperature)

Requirement of milk

Research has proved that people who drink at least one glass of milk daily are always in a better mental and intellectual condition than those who do not consume milk.

Indian Cow

There are 30 breeds of cow found in India. Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Gir, Deoni, Tharparkar etc. are the major breeds of milch cows in India.

In public utility, Indian cow can be divided into three classes. Those cows come in the first category, which give a lot of milk, but their progeny is indolent and therefore useless in agriculture. These types of cows are of milk-oriented monogamous breed. Other cows are those which give less milk but their calves are used for agriculture and cart pulling. These are called Vatspradhan monogamous breeds. Some cows also give abundant milk and their calves are also hardworking. Such cows are called all-round breeds of cows. Following are the bovines of India:

Saywal Caste

Afghanistan and Gir race blood is found in Saywal cows. The head of these cows is broad, the horns are short and thick, and the forehead is medium. It is found in Montgomery district in Punjab and around the Ravi river in places like Lyallpur, Lodhran, Ganjiwar etc. They can live anywhere in India. Once bred, they continue to give milk for 10 months. The quantity of milk is 10-16 liters per day. The amount of butter in their milk is sufficient.

Sindhi

Their main place is the Kohistan region of Sindh. The Kelasbela area of Bilochistan is also famous for them. The color of these cows is almond or wheat, the body is long and the skin is thick. They can also live in other climates and have amazing power to fight diseases. After giving birth, they give at least 2000 liters of milk within 300 days.

Konkrej

The land south-east from the small Gulf of Kutch, that is, the region from the south-west of Sindh to Ahmedabad and Radhanpura, is the native place of Kankrej cows. By the way, they are also found in Kathiawar, Baroda and Surat. They are of all-caste caste and their demand is also in foreign countries. Their color is silver brown, lohia brown or black. Black markings on the legs and black upper part of the hooves. They take long and even steps with their heads raised. While walking, except the legs, the rest of the body appears to be inactive, due to which their gait seems awkward.

Malvi

These cows are not milch. Their color is khaki and the neck is somewhat black. As the stage progresses, the color turns white. They are found around Gwalior.

Nagauri

Their realization is the region around Jodhpur. These cows are also not special milch, but after calving they keep on giving little milk for a long time.

Tharparkar

These cows are milch. Their color is khaki, brown, or white. The southwestern desert of Kutch, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Sindh is their realization. Their dosage is less.

Pawar

Pilibhit, Puranpur tehsil and Kheri are their real estate. Their mouth is narrow and horns are straight and long. The length of the horns is 12-18 inches. Their tail is long. She is angry by nature and gives less milk.

Bhagnadi

The coastal region of river Nadi is their realization. Jowar is their favorite food. They are also fed by making pulse grass and its bread. These cows give a lot of milk.

Dajjal

Found in Deragajikhan district of Punjab. They give less milk.

Gavlaw

Gives milk in moderate quantity. The places of attainment are the Terai of Satpura, Wardha, Chhindwara, Nagpur, Seoni and Bahiyar. Their color is white and medium in height. They walk with their ears raised.

Haryana

She gives 8-12 liters of milk per day. The color of the cows is white, pearl or light brown. They are of high stature and stocky body and walk with their heads raised. Their realization places are Rohtak, Hisar, Sirsa, Karnal, Gurgaon and Jind. First Cow Sanctuary in Hisar

Angol or Nylor

These cows are milch, beautiful and sweet. The realization places are Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur, Nellore, Bapattala and Sadanpalli. They eat less fodder.

other

Raths are the cows of Alwar. Eats less and gives plenty of milk.

Gir- They give 50-80 liters of milk per day. Their origin is the Gir forest of Kathiawar.

Deoni - Found in South Andhra Pradesh and Hinsol. It gives a lot of milk.

Nimari - The valley of the river Narmada is their realization. These cows are milch.

Amritmahal, Hallikar, Bargur, Balambadi breeds are the dominant, monogamous cows of Mysore. Kangayam and Krishnavalli are milk givers.

Quality Check

Work in progress